But one type of bacteria not normally found in the urinary tract is E. Women are particularly at risk for UTIs because their urethra sits close to the anus, where E. Infections that spread all the way up to the kidneys can be particularly serious. Symptoms include:. Your urine will then be examined under a microscope for the presence of bacteria. This can pinpoint exactly what bacteria is causing the infection and what antibiotic effectively fights it.
The first line of treatment for any bacterial infection is antibiotics. Bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Resistance occurs as bacteria naturally change to breakdown or avoid the antibiotics typically used to fight them.
The more exposure a bacterium gets to an antibiotic, the more likely it is to alter itself to survive. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics make the problem worse. After a positive urinalysis, your doctor might prescribe Bactrim or Cipro , two antibiotics often used to treat UTIs caused by E. Antibiotics are overused across the world through their prescription, self-medication, or over-the-counter OTC availability.
With the quantity of antibiotic use linked to antibiotic resistance, society should seek to preserve the use of this irreplaceable resource through education and regulation [ ]. Antimicrobial stewardship programs aim to optimize the outcomes of prevention and treatment of infection while curbing the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents [ , , ].
To this end, antimicrobial therapy should be tailored to each patient, taking into consideration the severity of disease, individual and local patterns of antimicrobial resistance and the potential for collateral damage associated with antimicrobial use.
Selecting the correct drug, dose, as well the shortest clinically effective duration of therapy when possible, is key to optimal antimicrobial stewardship [ ]. Some prescription strategies should be considered carefully, including the following [ ]:.
All physicians who treat UTIs should take on the responsibility of antimicrobial stewardship. Even if new antibiotics are introduced and appear on the market, the development of resistance to these antibiotics by E. The mechanisms by which E. Therefore, the implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs is crucial to minimize the chance of selecting for resistant resistance. In addition, to prevent overuse of antibiotics, self-medication, or over-the-counter OTC availability should be limited by education or regulation.
Furthermore, paying attention to hygiene, especially individuals who travel to endemic areas or who are frequently in circumstances with a high risk of exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria e. Finally, the use of nonantimicrobial prophylaxis could effectively reduce the total amount of antibiotic consumption. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Biomed Res Int v. Biomed Res Int. Published online Sep Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Hyun-Sop Choe: moc. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Introduction Community-acquired uncomplicated urinary tract infections UTIs account for a large proportion of infectious diseases in females [ 1 ], and a substantial amount of oral antibiotics is prescribed on a daily basis to treat UTIs among females in community-based outpatient clinics. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of E.
Table 1 The prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing E. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Plasmid-Mediated Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants Plasmid is a generic term for DNA molecules other than chromosomes that can independently replicate in bacterial cells [ 57 ]. Mechanisms of Action and Resistance to Anti- E. Contradiction between the Use of and Resistance of Antibiotics, Focusing Acute Cystitis The fact that exposure to antibiotics increases resistance is a problem for clinicians who need to continue to treat infected patients.
Proper Bladder Emptying All physicians treating UTIs should have awareness of urogenital anomalies and the need for proper bladder emptying. Nonantimicrobial Prophylaxis The active use of nonantimicrobial prophylaxis is often indicated and does not result in an increase in antimicrobial resistance of the commensal flora, as nonantimicrobial prophylaxis, immunoactive agents, probiotics Lactobacillus spp.
Pain Control for Cystitis Patients For patients with nonfebrile uncomplicated cystitis, active pain control, and minimal use of antibiotics should be prioritized. Antimicrobial Stewardship Antibiotics are overused across the world through their prescription, self-medication, or over-the-counter OTC availability.
Some prescription strategies should be considered carefully, including the following [ ]: Precise indication for antibiotic treatment Choice of the appropriate compound Appropriate dosage Adequate route of administration Administration timing and treatment length All physicians who treat UTIs should take on the responsibility of antimicrobial stewardship.
Conclusion Even if new antibiotics are introduced and appear on the market, the development of resistance to these antibiotics by E. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. References 1. Gupta K. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections.
Annals of Internal Medicine. Kang C. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
Clinical Infectious Diseases. Harrison J. The beginning of the end of the antibiotic era? Part I. Baquero F. Low-level antibacterial resistance: A gateway to clinical resistance. Drug Resistance Updates. Kim H. Microbial Drug Resistance. Hayami H. Nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by the Japanese surveillance committee during and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. Yang B. Analysis of the spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens in outpatients at a tertiary hospital. Journal of Chemotherapy. Seo M. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infection to fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, and temocillin in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science.
Chervet D. Antimicrobial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infections in Paris in Seitz M. Local epidemiology and resistance profiles in acute uncomplicated cystitis AUC in women: A prospective cohort study in an urban urological ambulatory setting. BMC Infectious Diseases. Yilmaz N. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli isolates as agents of community-acquired urinary tract infection Turkish Journal of Urology. Trevino M. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli producing urinary tract infections in Galicia Spain Revista Espanola De Quimioterapia.
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Image: Thinkstock. If you are prone to recurrent UTIs, you can head them off before they take hold. Unless you're in the fortunate minority of women who have never had a urinary tract infection UTI , you know the symptoms well. You might feel a frequent urgency to urinate yet pass little urine when you go. Your urine might be cloudy, blood-tinged, and strong-smelling. If you have repeated UTIs, you've experienced the toll they take on your life. However, you may take some comfort in knowing that they aren't likely to be the result of anything you've done.
Some women are just prone to UTIs," says infectious diseases specialist Dr. Kalpana Gupta, a lecturer in medicine at Harvard Medical School. The infections are usually caused by Escherichia coli, a bacterium that lives in the intestinal system. Risk factors for UTI vary with age. Before menopause, the most common risk factors are sexual intercourse and use of spermicides. It's thought that sex increases the number of bacteria in the bladder, and many experts advise women to urinate after sex to flush them out.
Spermicides may kill off Lactobacilli, beneficial bacteria in the vagina, making it easier for E. Please support us and go on a shopping spree with Amazon :. Escherichia coli E. Yet, the E. To put it simply: your poop is full of E.
Fear not, however: most E. For example, did you know that they help produce vitamin K? However, E. So, how does this happen? Scroll down to check out the infographic. If sex causes a UTI, you should find out why. Look for an underlying condition that weakened your immune system enough in the first place to trigger a UTI. Again: sex is not a cause for UTI. Sex is simply a risk factor for UTIs.
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